Increased Carrier Peptide Stability through pH Adjustment Improves Insulin and PTH(1-34) Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo Rather than by Enforced Carrier Peptide-Cargo Complexation
Oral delivery of therapeutic peptides is hampered by their large molecular size and labile nature, thus limiting their permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Promising approaches to overcome the latter include co-administration with carrier peptides.
In this study, the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin was employed to investigate effects of co-administration with insulin and the pharmacologically active part of parathyroid hormone (PTH(1-34)) at pH 5, 6.5, and 7.4 with respect to complexation, enzymatic stability, and transepithelial permeation of the therapeutic peptide in vitro and in vivo.
Complex formation between insulin or PTH(1-34) and penetratin was pH-dependent. Micron-sized complexes dominated in the samples prepared at pH-values at which penetratin interacts electrostatically with the therapeutic peptide. The association efficiency was more pronounced between insulin and penetratin than between PTH(1-34) and penetratin. Despite the high degree of complexation, penetratin retained its membrane activity when applied to liposomal structures.
The enzymatic stability of penetratin during incubation on polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers was pH-dependent with a prolonged half-live determined at pH 5 when compared to pH 6.5 and 7.4. Also, the penetratin-mediated transepithelial permeation of insulin and PTH(1-34) was increased in vitro and in vivo upon lowering the sample pH from 7.4 or 6.5 to 5.
Thus, the formation of penetratin-cargo complexes with several molecular entities is not prerequisite for penetratin-mediated transepithelial permeation a therapeutic peptide. Rather, a sample pH, which improves the penetratin stability, appears to optimize the penetratin-mediated transepithelial permeation of insulin and PTH(1-34).
Identification of tuna protein-derived peptides as potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors via molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation
The present study aimed to identify potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory peptides from tuna protein by virtual screening. The molecular docking was performed to elicit the interaction mechanism between targets (Mpro and ACE2) and peptides. As a result, a potential antiviral peptide EEAGGATAAQIEM (E-M) was identified.
Molecular docking analysis revealed that E-M could interact with residues Thr190, Thr25, Thr26, Ala191, Leu50, Met165, Gln189, Glu166, His164, His41, Cys145, Gly143, and Asn119 of Mpro via 11 conventional hydrogen bonds, 9 carbon hydrogen bonds, and one alkyl interaction.
The formation of hydrogen bonds between peptide E-M and the residues Gly143 and Gln189 of Mpro may play important roles in inhibiting the activity of Mpro. Besides, E-M could bind with the residues His34, Phe28, Thr27, Ala36, Asp355, Glu37, Gln24, Ser19, Tyr83, and Tyr41 of ACE2. Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions may play vital roles in blocking the receptor ACE2 binding with SARS-CoV-2.
Recombinant allergens, peptides, and virus-like particles for allergy immunotherapy
Currently, extract-based therapeutic allergens from natural allergen sources (e.g., house dust mites, tree and grass pollen) are used for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), the only causative therapy that can exhibit positive disease-modifying effects by tolerance induction and prevention of disease progression.
Due to variations in the natural composition of the starting materials and different manufacturing processes, there are variations in protein content, allergen composition, and allergenic activity of similar products, which poses specific challenges for their standardization. The identification of the nucleotide sequences of allergenic proteins led to the development of molecular AIT approaches.
This allows for the application of exclusively relevant structures as chemically synthesized peptides, recombinant single allergens, or molecules with hypoallergenic properties that potentially allow for an up-dosing with higher allergen-doses without allergic side effects leading more quickly to effective cumulative doses.
Further modifications of AIT preparations to improve allergenic and immunogenic properties may be achieved, e.g., by including the use of virus-like particles (VLPs). To date, the herein described therapeutic approaches have been tested in clinical trials only.
This article provides an overview of published molecular approaches for allergy treatment used in clinical AIT studies.
Their added value and challenges compared to established therapeutic allergens are discussed. The aim of these approaches is to develop highly effective and well-tolerated AIT preparations with improved patient acceptance and adherence.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rabbit Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rabbit Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rabbit Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rabbit Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Competitive Inhibition method for detection of Rabbit Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from Serum, plasma and other biological fluids. with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rabbit Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rabbit Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive Inhibition ELISA kit for detection of Apolipoprotein E from Rabbit in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Rabbit apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Rabbit apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants are rapidly removed from the circulation by receptor-mediated endocytosis in the liver. Apolipoprotein E, a main apoprotein of the chylomicron, binds to a specific receptor on liver cells and peripheral cells. ApoE is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. The APOE gene is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with APOC1 and APOC2. Defects in apolipoprotein E result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, or type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III),in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron and VLDL remnants.
Description: Chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants are rapidly removed from the circulation by receptor-mediated endocytosis in the liver. Apolipoprotein E, a main apoprotein of the chylomicron, binds to a specific receptor on liver cells and peripheral cells. ApoE is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. The APOE gene is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with APOC1 and APOC2. Defects in apolipoprotein E result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, or type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III),in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron and VLDL remnants.
Description: Mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles. It can serve as a ligand for the LDL (apo B/E) receptor and for the specific apo-E receptor (chylomicron remnant) of hepatic tissues. [UniProt]
Description: ApoE is also known as AD2 or LPG. The protein encoded by this gene is a major apoprotein of the chylomicron. It binds to a specific liver and peripheral cell receptor, and is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. This gene maps to chromosome 19 in a cluster with the related apolipoprotein C1 and C2 genes. Mutations in this gene result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, or type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III), in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron and VLDL remnants. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Description: ApoE, a glycoprotein, is a structural component of very low density lipoprotein (vLDL) synthesized by the liver and intestinally synthesized chylomicrons . ApoE is also a constituent of a subclass of high density of lipoproteins (HDL) involved in cholesterol transport .ApoE mediates high affinity binding of chylomicrons and vLDL particles to the LDL receptor, allowing for specific uptake of these particles by the liver, preventing the accumulation of cholesterol rich particles in the plasma .Apolipoprotein E combines with fats (lipids) in the body to form molecules called lipoproteins and Apolipoprotein E is a major component of a specific type of lipoprotein called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).
Description: Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E), is a member of the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family. APOE may function in mediating the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles. It can serve as a ligand for the LDL (apo B/E) receptor and for the specific apo-E receptor (chylomicron remnant) of hepatic tissues. APOE is usually secreted in plasma. Phosphorylation sites are present in the extracellular medium.
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA kit for measuring Dog Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA kit for measuring Dog Apolipoprotein E(APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Dog Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from Serum, plasma and other biological fluids. with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Pig Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Rat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Duck Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Duck Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Fish Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Fish Apolipoprotein E(APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Goat Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Goat Apolipoprotein E(APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Chemiluminescent immunoassay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Chemiluminescent immunoassay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Chemiluminescent immunoassay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Chemiluminescent immunoassay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Double-antibody Sandwich chemiluminescent immunoassay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE)Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Horse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Horse Apolipoprotein E(APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Sheep Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Sheep Apolipoprotein E(APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein E (APOE) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Amyloid-β peptides slightly affect lifespan or antimicrobial peptide gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster
Background: Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is the key protein in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in humans. Aβ peptide induced pathological phenotypes in different model organisms include neurodegeneration and lifespan decrease.
However, recent experimental evidence suggests that Aβ may utilize oligomerization and fibrillization to function as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), and protect the host from infections. We used the power of Drosophila model to study mechanisms underlying a dual role for Aβ peptides.
Results: We investigated the effects of Drosophila treatment with three Aβ42 peptide isoforms, which differ in their ability to form oligomers and aggregates on the lifespan, locomotor activity and AMP genes expression. Aβ42 slightly decreased female’s median lifespan (by 4.5%), but the effect was not related to the toxicity of peptide isoform.
The lifespan and relative levels of AMP gene expression in male flies as well as locomotor activity in both sexes were largely unaffected by Aβ42 peptide treatment. Regardless of the effects on lifespan, Aβ42 peptide treatment induced decrease in AMP genes expression in females, but the effects were not robust.
Conclusions: The results demonstrate that chronic treatment with Aβ42 peptides does not drastically affect fly aging or immunity.
iUmami-SCM: A Novel Sequence-Based Predictor for Prediction and Analysis of Umami Peptides Using a Scoring Card Method with Propensity Scores of Dipeptides
Umami or the taste of monosodium glutamate represents one of the major attractive taste modalities in humans. Therefore, knowledge about biophysical and biochemical properties of the umami taste is important for both scientific research and the food industry.
Experimental approaches for predicting umami peptides are labor intensive, time consuming, and expensive. To date, computational models for the prediction and analysis of umami peptides as a function of sequence information have not been developed yet.
In this study, we have proposed the first sequence-based predictor named iUmami-SCM using primary sequence information for the identification and characterization of umami peptides.
iUmami-SCM utilized a newly developed scoring card method (SCM) in conjunction with the propensity scores of amino acids and dipeptide. Our predictor demonstrated excellent prediction performance ability for predicting umami peptides as well as outperforming other commonly used machine learning classifiers. Particularly, iUmami-SCM afforded the highest accuracy and Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.865 and 0.679, respectively, on an independent data set.
Furthermore, the analysis of SCM-derived propensity scores was performed so as to provide a more in-depth understanding and knowledge of biophysical and biochemical properties of umami intensities of peptides. To develop a convenient bioinformatics tool, the best model is deployed as a web server that is made publicly available at
The iUmami-SCM, as presented herein, serves as a powerful computational technique for large-scale umami peptide identification as well as facilitating the interpretation of umami peptides.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Goat Osteocalcin (BGLAP) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Goat Osteocalcin(BGLAP) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Monkey Osteocalcin (BGLAP) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Monkey Osteocalcin(BGLAP) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Osteocalcin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Osteocalcin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Osteocalcin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Osteocalcin (OC) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Osteocalcin (OC) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Osteocalcin (OC) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Osteocalcin (OC) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Osteocalcin (OC) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Osteocalcin (OC) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Rat Osteocalcin (OC) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Osteocalcin from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids.
